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</head>

<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'>

<div class=Section1>

<h1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Expressions
and Queries in LINQ<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

<p class=MsoNormal>Database applications frequently rely on “Dynamic
SQL”—queries that are constructed at run-time through program logic. The LINQ
infrastructure supports similar capabilities through dynamic construction of
expression trees using the classes in the <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions</span></span> namespace. Expression
trees are an appropriate abstraction for a variety of scenarios, but for others
a string-based representation may be more convenient. The <a
href="#_Dynamic_Expression_API">Dynamic Expression API</a> extends the core
LINQ API with that capability. The API is located in the <span class=SpellE>Dynamic.cs</span>
source file and provides</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>Dynamic</span> parsing of strings to produce
expression trees (the <a href="#_The_ParseLambda_Methods"><span class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span></a>
and <a href="#_The_Parse_Method">Parse</a> methods),</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Dynamic creation of “Data Classes” (the <a
href="#_Dynamic_Class_Creation"><span class=SpellE>CreateClass</span></a> methods),
and</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>Dynamic</span> string-based querying through LINQ
providers (the <a href="#_IQueryable_Extension_Methods">IQueryable extension
methods</a>).</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The Dynamic Expression API relies on a simple <a
href="#_Expression_Language">expression language</a> for formulating
expressions and queries in strings.</p>

<h1><a name="_Dynamic_Expression_API"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Expression API<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

<p class=MsoNormal><a name="_The_ParseLambda_Methods"></a>The Dynamic
Expression API is brought into scope by using (importing) the <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic</span></span>
namespace. Below is an example of applying the Dynamic Expression API to a LINQ
to SQL data source.</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>var</span></span></span>
query =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers</span>.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=GramE>Where(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City
= @0 and <span class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= @1&quot;</span>, <span
style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>, 10).<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>OrderBy</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>CompanyName</span>&quot;</span>).<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=GramE>Select(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;new(<span
class=SpellE>CompanyName</span> as Name, Phone)&quot;</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Note that expressions in the query are strings that could
have been dynamically constructed at run-time.</p>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The <span
class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span> Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>
class defines the following overloaded <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> methods for dynamically parsing
and creating lambda expressions.</p>

<p class=Code><a name=ParseLambda1></a><span class=GramE><span
style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span style='color:blue'>static</span> <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> <span
class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span>(<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[]
parameters, <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>resultType</span>,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> expression, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><a name=ParseLambda2></a><span class=GramE><span
style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span style='color:blue'>static</span> <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> <span
class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span>(<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>argumentType</span>,
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>resultType</span>,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> expression, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><a name=ParseLambda3></a><span class=GramE><span
style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span style='color:blue'>static</span> <span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span class=SpellE>TArgument</span>,
<span class=SpellE>TResult</span>&gt;&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE>TArgument</span>,
<span class=SpellE>TResult</span>&gt;(<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span>
expression, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#ParseLambda1">first</a> <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> overload parses a lambda
expression with the given <span class=CodeFragment>parameters</span> and <span
class=CodeFragment>expression</span> body and returns an <span
class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;…&gt;&gt;</span>
instance representing the result. If the <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>resultType</span></span> parameter is non-null it specifies
the required result type for the expression. The <span class=CodeFragment>values</span>
parameter supplies zero or more <a href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution
values</a> that may be referenced in the expression.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><a name=LambdaExample1></a>The example</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>
x = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;x&quot;</span>);<br>
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>
y = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;y&quot;</span>);<br>
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> e
= <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>(<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[] { x, y }, <span
style='color:blue'>null</span>, <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;(x + y) *
2&quot;</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> and assigns an <span
class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;<span
class=SpellE>int</span>, <span class=SpellE>int</span>, <span class=SpellE>int</span>&gt;&gt;</span>
instance to <span class=CodeFragment>e</span> representing the expression <span
class=CodeFragment>(x</span> <span class=CodeFragment>+</span> <span
class=CodeFragment>y)</span> <span class=CodeFragment>*</span> <span
class=CodeFragment>2</span>. If a required result type is specified, as in</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span>
e = <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[] { x, y }, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span
style='color:blue'>double</span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;(x + y) *
2&quot;</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>the</span> parsing operation will include
an <a href="#_Conversions">implicit conversion</a> to the given result type, in
this case yielding an <span class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span
class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE>int</span>, <span class=SpellE>int</span>,
double&gt;&gt;</span> instance.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#ParseLambda2">second</a> <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> overload parses a lambda
expression with a single unnamed parameter of a specified <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>argumentType</span></span>. This method corresponds to
calling the first <span class=SpellE>ParseLambda</span> overload with a <span
class=CodeFragment>parameters</span> argument containing a single <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>ParameterExpression</span></span> with an
empty or null <span class=CodeFragment>Name</span> property.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>­When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed
parameter, the members of the unnamed parameter are automatically in scope in
the expression string, and the <a href="#_Current_Instance">current instance</a>
given by the unnamed parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword <span
class=CodeFragment>it</span>. The example</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span>
e = <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>), <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>),<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City = @0 and <span
class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= @1&quot;</span>,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>, 10);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> and assigns an <span
class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;Customer, <span
class=SpellE>bool</span>&gt;&gt;</span> instance to <span class=CodeFragment>e</span>.
Note that <span class=CodeFragment>City</span> and <span class=CodeFragment>Orders</span>
are members of <span class=CodeFragment>Customer</span> that are automatically
in scope. Also note the use of <a href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution
values</a> to supply the constant values <span class=CodeFragment>&quot;London&quot;</span>
and <span class=CodeFragment>10</span>.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#ParseLambda3">third</a> <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span> overload is a <span class=SpellE>genericly</span>
typed version of the second overload. The example below produces the same <span
class=CodeFragment>Expression&lt;<span class=SpellE>Func</span>&lt;Customer, <span
class=SpellE>bool</span>&gt;&gt;</span> instance as the example above, but is
statically typed to that exact type.</p>

<p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span><span class=GramE>&gt;(</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City
= @0 and <span class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= @1&quot;</span>,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>,
10);</p>

<h2><a name="_The_Parse_Method"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
Parse Method<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>
class defines the following method for parsing and creating expression tree
fragments.</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>
Parse(<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>resultType</span>,
<span style='color:blue'>string</span> expression,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span>
<span style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The Parse method parses the given <span class=CodeFragment>expression</span>
and returns an expression tree. If the <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>resultType</span></span> parameter is non-null it specifies
the required result type of the expression. The <span class=CodeFragment>values</span>
parameter supplies zero or more <a href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution
values</a> that may be referenced in the expression.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Unlike the <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>ParseLambda</span></span>
methods, the <span class=CodeFragment>Parse</span> method returns an “unbound”
expression tree fragment. The following example uses <span class=GramE><span
class=CodeFragment>Parse</span></span> to produce the same result as a <a
href="#LambdaExample1">previous example</a>:</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>
x = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;x&quot;</span>);<br>
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>
y = <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>int</span></span>), <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;y&quot;</span>);<br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Dictionary</span>&lt;<span style='color:blue'>string</span>,
<span style='color:blue'>object</span>&gt; symbols = <span style='color:blue'>new</span>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Dictionary</span>&lt;<span style='color:blue'>string</span>,
<span style='color:blue'>object</span>&gt;();<br>
<span class=SpellE>symbols.Add</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;x&quot;</span>,
x);<br>
<span class=SpellE>symbols.Add</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;y&quot;</span>,
y);<br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span> body = <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.Parse</span>(<span
style='color:blue'>null</span>, <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;(x + y) *
2&quot;</span>, symbols);<br>
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>LambdaExpression</span></span> e
= <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>.Lambda</span>(<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; body, <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>ParameterExpression</span></span>[] {
x, y });</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Note the use of a <span class=CodeFragment>Dictionary&lt;string,
object&gt;</span> to provide a dictionary of named <a
href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution values</a> that can be referenced in
the expression.</p>

<h2><a name="_Substitution_Values"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Substitution Values<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>Several methods in the Dynamic Expression API permit <em><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>substitution values</span></em> to
be specified through a parameter array. Substitution values are referenced in
an expression using <a href="#_Identifiers">identifiers</a> of the form <span
class=CodeFragment>@x</span>, where <span class=CodeFragment>x</span> is an
index into the parameter array. The last element of the parameter array may be
an object that implements <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>IDictionary</span></span><span
class=CodeFragment>&lt;string, object&gt;</span>. If so, this dictionary is
used to map identifiers to substitution values during parsing.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>An identifier that references a substitution value is
processed as follows:</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>If</span> the value is of type <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression</span></span>, the
identifier must occur as part of a <a href="#_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation">dynamic
lambda invocation</a>. This allows composition of dynamic lambda expressions.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Otherwise, if the value is of type <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions.Expression</span></span>, the given
expression is substituted for the identifier.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Otherwise, the <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Expression.Constant</span></span><span
class=CodeFragment> </span>method is used to create a constant expression from
the value which is then substituted for the identifier.</p>

<h2><a name="_Dynamic_Class_Creation"></a><a name="_Dynamic_Data_Classes"></a><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Data Classes<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>A data class is a class that contains only data members. The
<span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>
class defines the following methods for dynamically creating data classes.</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span
class=SpellE>CreateClass</span>(<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span>
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>[]
properties);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span
class=SpellE>CreateClass</span>(<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>IEnumerable</span></span>&lt;<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>&gt;
properties);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>CreateClass</span></span>
method creates a new data class with a given set of public properties and
returns the <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Type</span></span>
object for the newly created class. If a data class with an identical sequence
of properties has already been created, the <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Type</span></span> object for this class is returned.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Data classes implement private instance variables and
read/write property <span class=SpellE>accessors</span> for the specified
properties. Data classes also override the <span class=CodeFragment>Equals</span>
and <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>GetHashCode</span></span>
members to implement by-value equality.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Data classes are created in an in-memory assembly in the
current application domain. All data classes inherit from <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicClass</span></span> and are given
automatically generated names that should be considered private (the names will
be unique within the application domain but not across multiple invocations of
the application). Note that once created, a data class stays in memory for the
lifetime of the current application domain. There is currently no way to unload
a dynamically created data class.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The dynamic expression parser uses the <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>CreateClass</span></span> methods to generate classes from <a
href="#_Anonymous_Object_Initializer">data object initializers</a>. This
feature in turn is often used with the dynamic <span class=CodeFragment>Select</span>
method to create projections.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The example below uses <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>CreateClass</span></span> to create a data class with two
properties, <span class=CodeFragment>Name</span> and <span class=CodeFragment>Birthday</span>,
and then uses .NET reflection to create an instance of the class and assign
values to the properties.</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>[]
props = <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>[] {<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Name&quot;</span>,
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span
style='color:blue'>string</span>)),<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicProperty</span></span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Birthday&quot;</span>,
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>typeof</span></span>(<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DateTime</span></span>)) };<br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Type</span> <span class=SpellE>type</span> = <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.CreateClass</span>(props);<br>
<span style='color:blue'>object</span> <span class=SpellE>obj</span> = <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Activator</span>.CreateInstance</span>(type);<br>
<span class=SpellE>t.GetProperty</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Name&quot;</span>).<span
class=SpellE>SetValue</span>(<span class=SpellE>obj</span>, <span
style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Albert&quot;</span>, <span style='color:blue'>null</span>);<br>
<span class=SpellE>t.GetProperty</span>(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Birthday&quot;</span>).<span
class=SpellE>SetValue</span>(<span class=SpellE>obj</span>, <span
style='color:blue'>new</span> <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DateTime</span></span>(1879,
3, 14), <span style='color:blue'>null</span>);<br>
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Console</span>.WriteLine</span>(<span
class=SpellE>obj</span>);</p>

<h2><a name="_IQueryable_Extension_Methods"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>IQueryable Extension Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicQueryable</span></span>
class implements the following extension methods for dynamically querying
objects that implement the <span class=CodeFragment>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</span>
interface.</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
Where(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
source,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> predicate, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt;
Where&lt;T&gt;(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt;
source,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> predicate, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
Select(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
source,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> selector, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> <span
class=SpellE>OrderBy</span>(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span
style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> source,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> ordering, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt;
<span class=SpellE>OrderBy</span>&lt;T&gt;(<span style='color:blue'>this</span>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;T&gt; source,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> ordering, <span
class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
Take(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
source, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>int</span></span> count);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
Skip(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
source, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>int</span></span> count);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> <span
class=SpellE>GroupBy</span>(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span
style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span> source,<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style='color:blue'>string</span> <span class=SpellE>keySelector</span>,
<span style='color:blue'>string</span> <span class=SpellE>elementSelector</span>,
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>params</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>object</span>[] values);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>
Any(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
source);</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE><span style='color:blue'>public</span></span> <span
style='color:blue'>static</span> <span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>int</span></span>
Count(<span style='color:blue'>this</span> <span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>
source);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>These methods correspond to their <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Queryable</span></span> counterparts, except
that they operate on <span class=CodeFragment>IQueryable</span> instead of <span
class=CodeFragment>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</span> and use strings instead of lambda
expressions to express predicates, selectors, and orderings. <span
class=CodeFragment>IQueryable</span> is the non-generic base interface for <span
class=CodeFragment>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</span>, so the methods can be used even
when <span class=CodeFragment>T</span> isn’t known on beforehand, i.e. when the
source of a query is dynamically determined. (Note that because a dynamic
predicate or ordering does not affect the result type, generic overloads are
provided for <span class=CodeFragment>Where</span> and <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>OrderBy</span></span> in order to preserve strong typing
when possible.)</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=CodeFragment>predicate</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>selector</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>ordering</span>, <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>keySelector</span></span>, and <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>elementSelector</span></span> parameters
are strings containing expressions written in the <a
href="#_Expression_Language">expression language</a>. In the expression
strings, the members of the <a href="#_Current_Instance">current instance</a>
are automatically in scope and the instance itself can be referenced using the
keyword <span class=CodeFragment>it</span>.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>OrderBy</span></span>
method permits a sequence of orderings to be specified, separated by commas.
Each ordering may optionally be followed by <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>asc</span></span> or <span class=CodeFragment>ascending</span>
to indicate ascending <span class=GramE>order,</span> or <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>desc</span></span> or <span class=CodeFragment>descending</span>
to indicate descending order. The default order is ascending. The example</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>products.OrderBy</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>Category.CategoryName</span>,
<span class=SpellE>UnitPrice</span> descending&quot;</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>orders</span> a sequence of products by
ascending category name and, within each category, descending unit price.</p>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The <span
class=SpellE>ParseException</span> Class<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The Dynamic Expression API reports parsing errors using the <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Dynamic.ParseException</span></span>
class. The <span class=CodeFragment>Position</span> property of the <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>ParseException</span></span> class gives
the character index in the expression string at which the parsing error
occurred.</p>

<h1><a name="_Expression_Language"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Expression Language<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language implemented by the Dynamic
Expression API provides a simple and convenient way of writing expressions that
can be parsed into LINQ expression trees. The language supports most of the
constructs of expression trees, but it is by no means a complete query or
programming language. In particular, the expression language does not support
statements or declarations.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language is designed to be familiar to C#,
VB, and SQL users. For this reason, some operators are present in multiple
forms, such as <span class=CodeFragment>&amp;&amp;</span> and <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>and</span></span>.</p>

<h2><a name="_Identifiers"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Identifiers<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>An Identifier consists of a letter or underscore followed by
any number of letters, digits, or underscores. In order to reference an
identifier with the same spelling as a keyword, the identifier must be prefixed
with a single @ character. Some examples of identifiers:</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE>x</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hello&nbsp;&nbsp;
m_1&nbsp;&nbsp; @true&nbsp;&nbsp; @String</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Identifiers of the from @x, where x is an integral number
greater than or equal to zero, are used to denote the <a
href="#_Substitution_Values">substitution values</a>, if any, that were passed
to the expression parser. For example:</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Country = @0&quot;</span>,
country);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Casing is not significant in identifiers or keywords.</p>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Literals<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language supports integer, real, string, and
character literals.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>An <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>integer
literal</span></em> consists of a sequence of digits. The type of an integer
literal is the first of the types <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, or <span
class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span> that can represent the given value. An integer
literal implicitly converts to any other <a href="#NumericTypes">numeric type</a>
provided the number is in the range of that type. Some examples of integer
literals:</p>

<p class=Code>0&nbsp;&nbsp; 123&nbsp;&nbsp; 10000</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>A <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>real
literal</span></em> consists of an integral part followed by a fractional part
and/or an exponent. The integral part is a sequence of one or more digits. The
fractional part is a decimal point followed by one or more digits. The exponent
is the letter <span class=CodeFragment>e</span> or <span class=CodeFragment>E</span>
followed by an optional <span class=CodeFragment>+</span> or <span
class=CodeFragment>–</span> sign followed by one or more digits. The type of a
real literal is <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>Double</span></span>.
A real literal implicitly converts to any other <a href="#RealTypes">real type</a>
provided the number is in the range of that type. Some examples of real
literals:</p>

<p class=Code>1.0&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.25 &nbsp;&nbsp;10000.0&nbsp;&nbsp;
1e0&nbsp;&nbsp; 1e10&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.2345E-4</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>A <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>string
literal</span></em> consists of zero or more characters enclosed in double
quotes. Inside a string literal, a double quote is written as two consecutive
double quotes. The type of a string literal is <span class=CodeFragment>String</span>.
Some examples of string literals:</p>

<p class=Code>&quot;<span class=GramE>hello</span>&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&quot;&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&quot;&quot;&quot;quoted&quot;&quot;&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; &quot;'&quot;</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>A <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>character
literal</span></em> consists of a single character enclosed in single quotes.
Inside a character literal, a single quote is written as two consecutive single
quotes. The type of a character literal is <span class=CodeFragment>Char</span>.
Some examples of character literals:</p>

<p class=Code>'A'&nbsp;&nbsp; '1'&nbsp;&nbsp; ''''&nbsp;&nbsp; '&quot;'</p>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Constants<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The predefined constants <span class=CodeFragment>true</span>
and <span class=CodeFragment>false</span> denote the two values of the type <span
class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The predefined constant <span class=CodeFragment>null</span>
denotes a null reference. The <span class=CodeFragment>null</span> constant is
of type <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span>, but is also implicitly
convertible to any reference type.</p>

<h2><a name="_Predefined_types"></a><a name="_Types"></a><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Types<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language defines the following <em><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>primitive types</span></em>:</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=CodeFragment>Object</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Char</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>String</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>SByte</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Byte</span><br>
<span class=CodeFragment>Int16</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>UInt16</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span><br>
<span class=CodeFragment>Decimal&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Single</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>TimeSpan</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The primitive types correspond to the similarly named types
in the System namespace of the .NET Framework Base Class Library. The
expression language also defines a set of <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>accessible
types</span></em> consisting of the primitive types and the following types
from the System namespace:</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=CodeFragment>Math</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=CodeFragment>Convert</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The accessible types are the only types that can be
explicitly referenced in expressions, and method invocations in the expression
language are restricted to methods declared in the accessible types.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>nullable</span></em></span><em><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> form</span></em> of a value type is
referenced by writing <span class=GramE>a <span class=CodeFragment>?</span></span>
<span class=GramE>after</span> the type name. <span class=GramE>For example, <span
class=CodeFragment>Int32?</span></span> <span class=GramE>denotes</span> the <span
class=SpellE>nullable</span> form of <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><a name=IntegralTypes></a>The non-<span class=SpellE>nullable</span>
and <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of the types <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>SByte</span></span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Byte</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>Int16</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt16</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, and <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span> are
collectively called the <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>integral
types</span></em>. </p>

<p class=MsoNormal><a name="_Conversions"></a><a name=RealTypes></a>The non-<span
class=SpellE>nullable</span> and <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of
the types <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>,
and <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span> are collectively called the <em><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>real types</span></em>.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><a name=NumericTypes></a>The integral types and real types
are collectively called the <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>numeric
types</span></em>.</p>

<h2><a name="_Conversions_1"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Conversions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The following conversions are implicitly performed by the
expression language:</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> the <span class=SpellE>the</span> <span
class=CodeFragment>null</span> literal to any reference type or <span
class=SpellE>nullable</span> type.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> an integer literal to an <a
href="#IntegralTypes">integral type</a> or <a href="#RealTypes">real type</a>
provided the number is within the range of that type.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> a real literal to a <a href="#RealTypes">real
type</a> provided the number is within the range of that type.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> a string literal to an <span class=SpellE>enum</span>
type provided the string literal contains the name of a member of that <span
class=SpellE>enum</span> type.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> a source type that is assignment
compatible with the target type according to the <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>Type.IsAssignableFrom</span></span> method in .NET.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> a non-<span class=SpellE>nullable</span>
value type to the <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> form of that value type.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>From</span> a <a href="#NumericTypes">numeric type</a>
to another numeric type with greater range.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language permits explicit conversions using
the syntax <span class=GramE><i>type</i><span class=CodeFragment>(</span></span><span
class=SpellE><i>expr</i></span><span class=CodeFragment>)</span>, where <i>type</i>
is a type name optionally followed by <span class=CodeFragment>?</span> <span
class=GramE>and</span> <span class=SpellE><i>expr</i></span> is an expression.
This syntax may be used to perform the following conversions:</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>Between</span> two types provided <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>Type.IsAssignableFrom</span></span> is true in one or both
directions.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>Between</span> two types provided one or both are
interface types.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span class=GramE>Between</span> the <span class=SpellE>nullable</span>
and non-<span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of any value type.</p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-family:
Symbol'>·</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>Between any two types belonging to the set consisting of <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>SByte</span></span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>Byte</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int16</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>UInt16</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>, <span
class=CodeFragment>Char</span>, any <span class=SpellE>enum</span> type, as
well as the <span class=SpellE>nullable</span> forms of those types.</p>

<h2 style='line-height:150%'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Operators<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The table below shows the operators supported by the
expression language in order of precedence from highest to lowest. Operators in
the same category have equal precedence. In the table, <span
class=CodeFragment>x</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>y</span>, and <span
class=CodeFragment>z</span> denote expressions, <span class=CodeFragment>T</span>
denotes a <a href="#_Types">type</a>, and <span class=CodeFragment>m</span>
denotes a member.</p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='margin-left:.25in;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
 <thead>
  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
   <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
   background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><b>Category</b></p>
   </td>
   <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
   border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><b>Expression</b></p>
   </td>
   <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
   border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
   3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><b>Description</b></p>
   </td>
  </tr>
 </thead>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=103 rowspan=10 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Primary</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span
  class=CodeFragment>x.m</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Instance field or instance property
  access. Any public field or property can be accessed.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span
  class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>x.m</span></span></span><span
  class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Instance <a
  href="#_Constructor_and_Method">method invocation</a>. The method must be
  public and must be declared in an <a href="#_Predefined_types">accessible
  type</a>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span
  class=CodeFragment>x[</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…]</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Array or indexer access.
  Multi-dimensional arrays are not supported.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span
  class=CodeFragment>T.m</span></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Static field or static property
  access. Any public field or property can be accessed.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span
  class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>T.m</span></span></span><span
  class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Static <a
  href="#_Anonymous_Object_Creation">method invocation</a>. The method must be
  public and must be declared in an <a href="#_Predefined_types">accessible
  type</a>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span
  class=CodeFragment>T(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a href="#_Conversions">Explicit
  conversion</a> or <a href="#_Anonymous_Object_Creation">constructor
  invocation</a>. Note that <span class=CodeFragment>new</span> is not required
  in front of a constructor invocation.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span
  class=CodeFragment>new(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a href="#_Data_Object_Initializer">Data
  object <span class=SpellE>initializer</span></a>. This construct can be used
  to perform dynamic projections.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>it</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a href="#_Current_Instance">Current
  instance</a>. In contexts where members of a current object are implicitly in
  scope, <span class=CodeFragment>it</span> is used to refer to the entire
  object itself.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span
  class=CodeFragment>x(</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>…)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><a
  href="#_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation">Dynamic lambda invocation</a>. Used to
  reference another dynamic lambda expression.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=SpellE><span
  class=CodeFragment>iif</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>(x,</span> <span
  class=CodeFragment>y,</span> <span class=CodeFragment>z)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Conditional expression. Alternate
  syntax for <span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>x</span> <span
  class=CodeFragment>?</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>y</span> <span
  class=CodeFragment>:</span> <span class=CodeFragment>z</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td width=103 rowspan=2 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Unary</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>-x</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Negation. Supported types are <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,
  and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>!x</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>not x</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical negation. Operand must be <span
  class=GramE>of</span> type <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
  <td width=103 rowspan=3 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Multiplicative</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x * y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Multiplication. Supported types are
  <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>,
  <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>,
  <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,
  and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x / y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Division. Supported types are <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,
  and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x % y</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x mod y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Remainder. Supported types are <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Single</span>,
  and <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>
  <td width=103 rowspan=3 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Additive</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x + y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Addition or string concatenation.
  Performs string concatenation if either operand is of type <span
  class=CodeFragment>String</span>. Otherwise, performs addition for the
  supported types <span class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>, <span
  class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span>, and <span
  class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>TimeSpan</span></span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x – y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Subtraction. Supported types are <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int32</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt32</span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Int64</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>UInt64</span>, <span
  class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>Decimal</span></span>, <span
  class=CodeFragment>Single</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Double</span>, <span
  class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span>, and <span
  class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>TimeSpan</span></span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &amp; y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>String concatenation. Operands may
  be of any type.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>
  <td width=103 rowspan=6 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Relational</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x = y</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x == y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Equal. Supported for reference
  types and the <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a>. Assignment is
  not supported.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x != y</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &lt;&gt;
  y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Not equal. Supported for reference
  types and the <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &lt; y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Less than. Supported for all <a
  href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span
  class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and
  <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &gt; y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Greater than. Supported for all <a
  href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span
  class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and
  <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &lt;= y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Less than or equal. Supported for
  all <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span
  class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and
  <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24'>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x &gt;= y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Greater than or equal. Supported
  for all <a href="#_Predefined_types">primitive types</a> except <span
  class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>Object</span> and
  <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>Guid</span></span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:25'>
  <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical AND</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x
  &amp;&amp; y</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x and y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical AND. Operands must be <span
  class=GramE>of</span> type <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:26'>
  <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical OR</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x || y</span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=CodeFragment>x or y</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Logical OR. Operands must be <span
  class=GramE>of</span> type <span class=CodeFragment>Boolean</span>.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:27;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=103 valign=top style='width:77.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Conditional</p>
  </td>
  <td width=108 valign=top style='width:81.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'><span class=GramE><span
  class=CodeFragment>x ?</span></span><span class=CodeFragment> y : z</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=354 valign=top style='width:265.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal'>Evaluates <span class=CodeFragment>y</span>
  if <span class=CodeFragment>x</span> is true, evaluates <span
  class=CodeFragment>z</span> if <span class=CodeFragment>x</span> is false.</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<h2><a name="_Anonymous_Object_Creation"></a><a name="_Constructor_and_Method"></a><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Method and Constructor
Invocations<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language limits invocation of methods and
constructors to those declared public in the <a href="#_Predefined_types">accessible
types</a>. This restriction exists to protect against unintended side effects
from invocation of arbitrary methods.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language permits getting (but not setting)
the value of any reachable public field, property, or indexer.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Overload resolution for methods, constructors, and indexers
uses rules similar to C#. In informal terms, overload resolution will pick the
best matching method, constructor, or indexer, or report an ambiguity error if
no single best match can be identified.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Note that constructor invocations are not prefixed by <span
class=CodeFragment>new</span>. The following example creates a <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>DateTime</span></span> instance for a <span
class=SpellE>specfic</span> year, month, and day using a constructor
invocation:</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>orders.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>OrderDate</span>
&gt;= <span class=SpellE>DateTime</span>(2007, 1, 1)&quot;</span>);</p>

<h2><a name="_Anonymous_Object_Initializer"></a><a
name="_Data_Object_Initializer"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Data
Object Initializers<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>A data object <span class=SpellE>initializer</span> creates
a <a href="#_Dynamic_Data_Classes">data class</a> and returns an instance of
that class. The properties of the data class are inferred from the data object <span
class=SpellE>initializer</span>. Specifically, a data object <span
class=SpellE>initializer</span> of the form</p>

<p class=Code><span class=GramE>new(</span>e1 as p1, e2 as p2, e3 as p3)</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> a data class with three
properties, <span class=CodeFragment>p1</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>p2</span>,
and <span class=CodeFragment>p3</span>, the types of which are inferred from
the expressions <span class=CodeFragment>e1</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>e2</span>,
and <span class=CodeFragment>e3</span>, and returns an instance of that data
class with the properties initialized to the values computed by <span
class=CodeFragment>e1</span>, <span class=CodeFragment>e2</span>, and <span
class=CodeFragment>e3</span>. A property <span class=SpellE>initializer</span>
may omit the <span class=CodeFragment>as</span> keyword and the property name
provided the associated expression is a field or property access. The example</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Select</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;new(<span class=SpellE>CompanyName</span>
as Name, Phone)&quot;</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>creates</span> a data class with two
properties, <span class=CodeFragment>Name</span> and <span class=CodeFragment>Phone</span>,
and returns a sequence of instances of that data class initialized from the <span
class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>CompanyName</span></span> and <span
class=CodeFragment>Phone</span> properties of each customer.</p>

<h2><a name="_Current_Instance"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current
Instance<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed
parameter, the members of the unnamed parameter are automatically in scope in
the expression string, and the <a href="#_Current_Instance"><em><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:windowtext;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>current instance</span></em></a> given by the unnamed
parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword <span
class=CodeFragment>it</span>. For example,</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;Country = @0&quot;</span>,
country);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>is</span> equivalent to</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>it.Country</span>
= @0&quot;</span>, country);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The <a href="#_IQueryable_Extension_Methods">IQueryable
extension methods</a> all parse their expression arguments as lambda
expressions with a single unnamed parameter.</p>

<h2><a name="_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic Lambda Invocation<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>An expression can reference other dynamic lambda expressions
through <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>dynamic lambda
invocations</span></em>. A dynamic lambda invocation consists of a substitution
variable identifier that references an instance of <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression</span></span>,
followed by an argument list. The arguments supplied must be compatible with
the parameter list of the given dynamic lambda expression.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The following parses two separate dynamic lambda expressions
and then combines them in a predicate expression through dynamic lambda
invocations:</p>

<p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e1 = <br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span><span class=GramE>&gt;(</span><span
style='color:#A31515'>&quot;City = \&quot;London\&quot;&quot;</span>);<br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>,
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e2 =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span
class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= 10&quot;</span>);<br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>&gt;
query =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers.Where</span>(<span
style='color:#A31515'>&quot;@0(it) and @1(it)&quot;</span>, e1, e2);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>It is of course possible to combine static and dynamic
lambda expressions in this fashion:</p>

<p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span
class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e1 =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c =&gt; <span class=SpellE>c.City</span> == <span
style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span><span class=GramE>;</span><br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Expression</span>&lt;<span class=SpellE><span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Func</span></span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>,
<span class=SpellE><span style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;&gt; e2 =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>, <span class=SpellE><span
style='color:blue'>bool</span></span>&gt;(<span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span
class=SpellE>Orders.Count</span> &gt;= 10&quot;</span>);<br>
<span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;<span style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>&gt;
query =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers.Where</span>(<span
style='color:#A31515'>&quot;@0(it) and @1(it)&quot;</span>, e1, e2);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>The examples above both have the same effect as:</p>

<p class=Code><span style='color:#2B91AF'>IQueryable</span>&lt;<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>Customer</span>&gt; query =<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=SpellE>db.Customers.Where</span>(c =&gt; <span
class=SpellE>c.City</span> == <span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;London&quot;</span>
&amp;&amp; <span class=SpellE>c.Orders.Count</span> &gt;= 10)<span class=GramE>;<span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>n</span></span><span style='display:none;
mso-hide:all'> a predicate expression c lambda expressions and then combines
them through dynamic lambda invocations</span></p>

<h2><span class=GramE><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
display:none;mso-hide:all'>combines</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";display:none;mso-hide:all'> two <span class=SpellE>seperately</span>
parsed lambda expressions in a single <span class=SpellE>predicate:e</span>
dynamic lambda expression. <span class=SpellE>System.Linq.Expressions.Lam<span
style='mso-hide:none'>Sequence</span></span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> operators<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>A subset of the Standard Query Operators is supported for
objects that implement <span class=SpellE><span class=CodeFragment>IEnumerable</span></span><span
class=CodeFragment>&lt;T&gt;</span>. Specifically, the following constructs are
permitted, where <span class=SpellE><i>seq</i></span> is an <span class=SpellE><span
class=CodeFragment>IEnumerable</span></span><span class=CodeFragment>&lt;T&gt;</span>
instance, <i>predicate</i> is a <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>boolean</span></span>
expression, and <i>selector</i> is an expression of any type:</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span
class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span
class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Where</span>
<span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>
<span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>Any</span> <span
class=CodeFragment>(</span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span
class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span
class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Any</span>
<span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>
<span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>All</span> <span
class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> )</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span
class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span
class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Count</span>
<span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span
class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Count</span>
<span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>predicate</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span
class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span
class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Min</span>
<span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>
<span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>Max</span> <span
class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span class=SpellE><span
class=GramE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span></span><span
class=GramE> <span class=CodeFragment>.</span></span> <span class=CodeFragment>Sum</span>
<span class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>seq</span></em></span>
<span class=CodeFragment>.</span> <span class=CodeFragment>Average</span> <span
class=GramE><span class=CodeFragment>(</span> <em><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>selector</span></em></span> <span class=CodeFragment>)</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal>In the <i>predicate</i> and <i>selector</i> expressions, the
members of the <a href="#_Current_Instance">current instance</a> for that
sequence operator are automatically in scope, and the instance itself can be
referenced using the keyword <span class=CodeFragment>it</span>. An example:</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>customers.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>Orders.Any</span>(Total
&gt;= 1000)&quot;</span>);</p>

<h2><span class=SpellE><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Enum</span></span><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> type support<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal>The expression language supports an <a href="#_Conversions_1">implicit
conversion</a> from a string literal to an <span class=SpellE>enum</span> type
provided the string literal contains the name of a member of that <span
class=SpellE>enum</span> type. For example,</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>orders.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>OrderDate.DayOfWeek</span>
= \&quot;Monday\&quot;&quot;</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>is</span> equivalent to</p>

<p class=Code><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>orders.Where</span></span><span
class=GramE>(</span><span style='color:#A31515'>&quot;<span class=SpellE>OrderDate.DayOfWeek</span>
= @0&quot;</span>, <span class=SpellE><span style='color:#2B91AF'>DayOfWeek</span>.Monday</span>);</p>

<p class=MsoNormal>&nbsp;</p>

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